一、替代

很多同學在寫文章的時候，往往想到某個意思，立刻腦子中想到都是例如I think, important, show, because, moreandmore等等這些詞匯，我們稱這些為第一反應詞，所謂第一反應詞，就是每個人第一時間反應出來的這些表達。如果要寫出一篇高質量的文章，除了內容，詞的使用能夠表現出你的英語能力，也是打動審稿人的一個重要環節。

1. individuals, characters, folks 替換 people , persons.

2. positive, favorable, rosy, promising, perfect, pleasurable, excellent, outstanding, superior 替換 good.

3. dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill 替換 bad（如果bad做表語，可以有be less impressive替換。）

4. an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of, a host of, many, if not most 替換 many.（注：用many, if not most 一定要小心，many后一定要有詞。）

5. a slice of, quiet a few 替換 some.

6. harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that 替換 think（因為是書面語，所以要加that）。

7. affair, business, matter 替換 thing.

8. shared 替換 common .

9. reap huge fruits 替換 get many benefits.

10. for my part ,from my own perspective 替換 in my opinion.

11. Increasing(ly), growing 替換 more and more（注意沒有growingly這種形式。所以當修飾名詞時用increasing/growing修飾形容詞，副詞用increasingly.）

12. little if anything或little or nothing 替換 hardly.

13. beneficial, rewarding 替換 helpful.

14. shopper, client, consumer, purchaser 替換 customer.

15. overwhelmingly, exceedingly, extremely, intensely 替換 very.

16. hardly necessary, hardly inevitable… 替換 unnecessary, avoidable.

17. indispensable 替換 necessary.

18. sth appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb 替換sb take interest in / sb. be interested in.

19. capture one's attention 替換 attract one's attention.

20. facet, demension, sphere 替換 aspet.

21. be indicative of, be suggestive of, be fearful of 替換 indicate, suggest, ear.

22. give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger 替換 cause.

23. There are several reasons behind sth 替換 …reasons for sth.

24. desire 替換 want.

25. pour attention into 替換 pay attention to.

26. bear in mind that 替換 remember.

27. enjoy, possess 替換 have（注意process是過程的意思）。

28. interaction 替換 communication.

29. frown on sth 替換 be against , disagree with sth .

30. to name only a few, as an example 替換 for example, for instance.

31. next to / virtually impossible 替換 nearly / almost impossible.

32. regarding / concerning 替換 about.

33. crucial /paramount 替換 important.

34. 第一（in the first place/the first and foremost）；第二（there is one more point, I should touch on, that…）；第三（the last but not the least）.

35. assiduous 替換 hard-working

36. arduous 替換 difficult

37. underdeveloped / financially-challenged 替換poor（因為poor通常含有貶義）

38. demonstrate / manifest 替換 show

39. invariably 替換 always

40. perilous / hazardous替換 dangerous（寫社會類作文時常用，說什么社會現象是不好的，有害的）

41. formidable 替換 difficult

42. quintessential 替換 typical（舉例時常用，例如：a quintessential example should be cited that=for example; for instance）

43. distinguished 替換 famous

44. feasible 替換 possible

45. consequently, accordingly替換 so

二、同義詞歸納

1缺陷：disadvantage, demerit, drawback, downside, weakness

2消除 ：eliminate, clear, remove, clear up, take away, smooth    away

3宣稱：allege, assert, declare, claim

4培養：：develop, cultivate, foster

5優勢：advantage, merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength

6解決: solve, deal with, cope with, handle, resolve, address, tackle

7使迷惑：puzzle, bewilder, perplex, baffle

8重要的：key, crucial, critical, important, significant, vital, substantial, indispensable, imperative

9認為：think, believe, insist, maintain, assert, conclude, deem, hold, argue, be convinced, be firmly convinced, be fully convinced

10保護：protect, conserve, preserve

11確保：assure, ensure, guarantee, pledge

12有害的：bad, baneful evil, harmful, detrimental

13要求 ：request, demand, needs, requisition

14損害：damage, hurt, injure, harm, impair, undermine, jeopardize

15導致：lead to, bring about, result in, cause, spark off, conduce to, procure, induce, generate

16因此：so, therefore, thus, hence, consequently, as a  consequence, accordingly, as a result, because of this, as a result of this

17增長至：grow to，rise to，increase to，go up to，climb to，ascend to，jump to，shoot to

18降低至：dip to，fall to，decline to，decrease to，drop to，go down to，reduce to，slump to，descend to，sink to，slide to

19保持穩定：level out，do not change，remain stable，remain still，remain steady，be stable，maintain the same level，remain unchanged，be still，remain the same level，stay constant，keep at the same level，level off，stabilize，keep its stability，even out

20急劇地：dramatically，drastically，sharply，hugely，enormously，steeply，substantially，considerably，significantly，markedly，surprisingly，strikingly，radically，remarkably，vastly，noticeably

21平穩地：steadily，smoothly，slightly，slowly，marginally，gradually，moderately，mildly 22 達到峰值：reach the top,reach the highest point,arrive at the peak,peak at

23 跌入低谷：drop to the bottom,hit the bottom,fall to the lowest point,hit the rock

24 給與：give, offer, render, impart, provide,supply, afford

25發生：happen, occur, take place

26原因：reason, factor, cause

27發展：development, advance, progress

28有益的：useful, helpful, beneficial, profitable, rewarding，advantageous

29影響：influence, impact, effect

30事實上：practically，in practice，essentially，in essence，in reality，in effect，in fact，as a matter of fact，it is a fact that

31占：comprise, take up, account for, constitute, consist of, make up, occupy, hold, compose

32與…相比：compared with，compared to，in comparison with，in comparison to，by comparison with，by comparison to

33對比而言：by contrast，in contrast，on the other hand，on the contrary=，conversely

34展示：show, reveal, illustrate, demonstrate, depict, present, represent, describe

35大約：approximately，almost，about，around，nearly，roughly

36波動：fluctuate，go up and down，display a fluctuation，demonstrate a fluctuation

37明顯的：clear, obvious, evident, self-evident, manifest, apparent, crystal-clear

38換言之：namely，that is to say，in other words，to put it like this，to put it differently，to put it from another way

39 超過：exceed,surpass,outweigh

三、連接詞：

連接詞就像是人的關節，是影響整體靈活性與完整性的重要環節。好的連接詞能夠讓文章層次清晰，意思明確。

表遞進moreover, in addition, what is more，furthermore, also, then, besides, etc.

表轉折however, nevertheless, on the other hand, on the contrary, rather than, instead of, but, yet,. unfortunately. Whereas, etc.

表強調in fact, indeed, actually, as a matter of fact, obviously, apparently

表結尾therefore, as a result, then, consequently, accordingly, thus, etc.

表列舉for example, for instance, such as, take ...for example. Except (for), to illustrate

表順序first, second, third, then, finally, to begin with, first of all, in the first place, last, next, above all, last but not the least, first and most important

表可能presumably, probably, perhaps

表遞進What is more, in addition, and, besides, also, furthermore, too, moreover, furthermore, as well as, additionally, again

表原因for this reason, due to, thanks to, because, because of, as, since, owing to

引出例子:for example, namely, for instance, as an example, that is

表總結 in summary in a word, in brief in conclusion, to conclude in fact, indeed in short, in other words of course, it is true specially, namely in all, that is to summarize, thus as has been said, altogether in other words, finally in simpler terms, in particular that is

四、常用詞匯用法：

research, study, investigate：research可做名詞、動詞，但通常做名詞用，很少見到動詞的用法。句中需要動詞時常用study或investigate來表達。

detail/detailed：The properties of this compound were studied in detail.//The detailed properties of this compound were studied.//The details of the properties of this compound were studied.

follows/following：The results are as follows: ……//We got following results:……

increase, decrease：均可做名詞和動詞，We can observe an increase in the reaction rate.//The reaction rate increases.

focus, concentrate：focus: n. , v. The focus of this paper is ……This paper focuses on ……Our study focuses on ……We focus our study on ……Our study is focused on ……concentrate: v. We concentrate our study on ……Our study is concentrated on ……

effect, affect：effect: n. //affect: v.

compose, consist：A is composed of B and C.//A consists of B and C.

increase, improve：increase: 主要指數值上的增加。improve: 主要指性質的增加、改善。

五、學術論文寫作細節：

A. 時態：當提到本文、此圖、此表等說明了、表達了什么時要用一般現在時，而不用一般過去時。This paper describes ……The focus of this paper is ……Figure 1 shows……Most of the common condensation polymers are listed in Table 1-1.

B. 數：在學術論文里，有時很難顧及數的邏輯。但一般不將邏輯上的問題視為語法錯誤。只須注意在一個句子中的數和謂語動詞的統一即可。單、復數的選用有一些非定性、但可供參考的趨向：

當含意上強調復數時建議用復數。The catalyst concentrations for the different reactions are different. Our research focuses on the syntheses and characterizations of a series of polycarbonates with different chemical structures. The physical and chemical properties of this compound have been studied. The chain lengths of the oligomers with different molecular weights are different.

在標題、小標題中或描述一類事物、現象等，提到具體物質時常用復數。(Polyesters) Polymers are macromolecules built up by large numbers of small molecules. The small molecules which combine with each other to form polymer molecules are termed monomers.在標題、小標題或描述一類事物、現象等，提到抽象概念時可用單數、也可用復數。(Step Copolymerization) Newer Types of Step Polymerizations. This chapter will consider the characteristics of step polymerization in detail.

學術論文、有關學術的科普文章中的名詞的可數或不可數特性的劃分區別于非學術文章《非學術文章中的可數或不可數特性可從字典查到》。以下是在學術文章中通常視為可數名詞的單詞：《但在一般字典中它們或它們做某種含義解時可能被劃歸不可數名詞》。Application development、 consideration、 composition、concentration、distribution、 structure、 length、 weight.

當同時提及幾個圖、表、方程式時要用復數(分別單個地提及則不用)：The reaction rate constant can be calculated from Equations 2 and 3. The reaction rate constant can be calculated from Equation 2 and Equation 3. Figs. 4 and 5 show ……

C. 冠詞：

單數名詞前一般要加冠詞：a , the等； 但以下情況可不加：表示不特指的、較抽象的概念：

This chapter will consider the characteristics of step polymerization in detail. An understanding of the relative ease of cyclization or linear polymerization comes from a variety of sources.Different polymers are synthesized to yield various mechanical behaviors by the appropriate combinations of crystallinity, crosslinking, Tg, and Tm..但需注意這些單詞前加冠詞也是經常見到的，這是由它在句中的含義決定的(如有一定的特指意義)：Polyisoprene is a typical elastomer– it is amorphous, easily crossed, has a low Tg (-73°C) and a high Tm (14°C).

目錄、標題中通常省略冠詞：

1 Introduction

1-2 Types of Polymers and Polymerizations

…

1-4 Molecular Weight

1-5 Physical State

圖、表的題目中有時可省略冠詞：Fig. 2-2 Second order plot of the self-catalyzed polyesterification of adipic acid with diethylene glycol at 166 °C.……Fig. 8 Dependence of the ease of cyclization on the size of the ring.化學藥品、化學物質前通常不加冠詞：The polymerization is catalyzed by protonic or lewis acids although a wide variety of base catalysts such as calcium acetate and antimony trioxide can also be used.圖中的橫、縱坐標的名稱前不加冠詞。

D. 大小寫：請注意以下結構的大、小寫：當提及具體第幾章、節；圖、表；方程式時，首個字母通常要大寫。As discussed in Chapter 2, ……In Section 1.2, we ……As shown in Figure 1, ……The results are listed in Table 3.當不指明是第幾章、節；圖、表；方程式時，首個字母如在句中通常用小寫。In the previous chapter, ……As shown in this figure, ……

E. 縮寫：以下全名和縮寫在文中通常視為同等，可以互換。

Figure Fig. Figures Figs.

Table Tab.

Chapter Chap.

Section Sec.

Equation Eq. Equations Eqs.

F. 名詞修飾：在學術文章中，很多時候會用到直接用名詞做修飾，而不用’s 或 ……of …… 的形式。常見的這類詞有：reaction rate；reaction rate constant；reaction temperature；reaction condition  molecular weight distribution……

G. 分詞修飾：the reaction we studied；the temperature used；the nonlinearity observed。所有格：非人的所有格用……of……, 而不用……’s 。